CHAPTER 1
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. The study of corrections focuses on:
a. criminals.
b. prisons.
c. probation/parole agencies.
d. agency employees.
e. all of the above.
2. Which of the following is most likely to result in a law-abiding lifestyle?
a. punishment
b. discipline
c. unconditional positive regard
d. all of the above
3. ________ are/is the central goal(s) of modern corrections.
a. Fair punishment and social control
b. Efficient crime control
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above
4. _______ justice is oriented to punishment and fairness but focuses on the past rather
than the future.
a. Restorative
b. Retributive
c. Residual
d. Inquisitional
5. ________ seeks to prevent or discourage crime through swift, certain and
appropriately severe punishment.
a. Deterrence
b. Expiation
c. Restitution
d. Retribution
6. ________ deterrence attempts to make an example of known offenders so as to
reduce the likelihood and rate of undesirable behavior in the general population.
a. General
b. Specific
c. Exemplar
d. Restitutive
7. ________ deterrence punishes an offender to discourage that person from repeating
the crime.
a. General
b. Specific
c. Exemplar
d. Restitutive
8. Attempts to morally equalize the wrong done by an offense by allowing, and even
advertising, vengeance against the offender are justified by the concept of:
a. deterrence.
b. expiation.
c. restitution.
d. retribution.
9. Changing an offender into a person who can lead a productive life in conventional
society is called:
a. deterrence.
b. incapacitation.
c. rehabilitation.
d. retribution.
10. ________ arguments for punishment focus on the practical goal of reducing crime as
much as possible while spending as little as possible on criminal justice.
a. Utilitarian
b. Legal
c. Moral
d. Medical
11. ________ arguments for punishment focus on the search for justice and the role of the
justice process in righting the wrongs done by offenders.
a. Utilitarian
b. Legal
c. Moral
d. Medical
12. The scientific model of criminal sentencing tends to focus its attention on the:
a. criminal offense.
b. offender.
c. offender’s biology.
d. politics of sentencing.
13. The scientific approach to corrections is designed to be _____.
a. efficient
b. fair
c. popular
d. humane
14. The scientific model of corrections recommends the use of _____ sentences.
a. mandatory
b. indeterminate
c. presumptive
d. probationary
15. The legal model of sentencing is concerned primarily with:
a. certainty of punishment
b. equality of punishment
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above
16. The legal or justice model of sentencing advises use of _____ structures.
a. mandatory
b. presumptive
c. determinant
d. all of the above
17. Retribution is closely related to the doctrine of ________, or an eye for an eye, a tooth
for a tooth.
a. mens rea
b. lex talionis
c. actus reas
d. corpus delicti
18. Both deterrence and retribution assume that:
a. most criminals will be quickly caught and punished.
b. crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of various
actions.
c. the reward value of crime can be affected by legal penalties.
d. all of the above.
19. Restitution is unique among the philosophies of punishment due to its emphasis on
the welfare of the:
a. offender.
b. victim.
c. government.
d. justice process.
20. “You must die, not because you have killed, but in order to teach others not to kill” is
an example of which of the following justifications of punishment?
a. restitution
b. general deterrence
c. retribution
d. specific deterrence
21. Which of the following is LEAST effective in assuring deterrence?
a. swiftness
b. certainty
c. proximity
d. severity
22. Mandatory sentencing for drug offenders is doing each of the following EXCEPT
a. reducing drug abuse in the United States
b. crowding federal prisons.
c. creating larger racial imbalances in prison populations.
d. denying judges discretion in sentencing.
23. Which of the following gives the trial court judge the most power over sentencing?
a. mandatory sentencing
b. presumptive sentencing
c. determinate sentencing
d. indeterminate sentencing
24. Presumptive sentencing:
a. is controlled by a set of guidelines.
b. is based on the offense and the offender’s legal history.
c. places the power to set punishment in the hands of a commission.
d. is all of the above.
25. When laws are passed to draw a line between respectable citizens and outcasts, the
________ justification of punishment is at work.
a. expiation
b. retribution
c. restitution
d. boundary-setting
26. ________ repays the victim for material and financial losses suffered as a result of
crime; its concern is more with the victim than the offender.
a. Retribution
b. Expiation
c. Restitution
d. All of the above
27. A presumptive sentence is one that:
a. allows the judge only a small amount of discretion in fixing an offender’s
penalty.
b. is based on the rehabilitation needs of the offender.
c. assumes the offender is guilty of more crimes than those for which he was
convicted.
d. is all of the above simultaneously.
28. “Truth-in-sentencing” laws require:
a. that only people with special training in criminal law be allowed to sit on juries.
b. that the legal penalties for each crime be advertised by the media.
c. that offenders serve at least 50% of their sentence before they are eligible for
release.
d. all of the above.
29. ________ sentences used to punish certain crimes in many jurisdictions give judges
virtually no discretion in assigning sentences; everyone convicted of the same crime
gets exactly the same sentence under this approach.
a. Mandatory
b. Presumptive
c. Determinate
d. Indeterminate
Chapter One The Goals of Correctional Policy page
10
30. The ________ controls the penalty for crimes punished with a mandatory sentence.
a. governor or president
b. trial court judge
c. legislature
d. prison or parole authorities
31. The ________ controls the penalty for crimes punished with an indeterminate
sentence.
a. governor or president
b. trial court judge
c. legislature
d. prison or parole authorities
32. Indeterminate sentencing is preferred by the scientific approach because:
a. it allows sentences to be customized to the offender’s unique risks and needs.
b. it gives offenders a reason to work at their treatment and obey prison rules.
c. it allows sentences to vary with the level of responsibility assigned to the offender.
d. all of the above.
33. ________ laws that allow inmates to earn early release on parole through good
behavior and hard work.
a. Liberal
b. Lenient
c. Good time
d. Justice model
34. Indeterminate sentencing is associated with the ________ model of sentencing.
a. legal
b. scientific
c. liberal
d. conservative
Chapter One The Goals of Correctional Policy page
11
35. The most marked of the contradictions between philosophies of punishments is
between
a. deterrence and incapacitation.
b. retribution and deterrence.
c. punishment and rehabilitation.
d. restitution and boundary-setting.
36. For every truly dangerous person that is jailed under preventive detention laws,
approximately ________ false positives are also held.
a. two
b. five
c. ten
d. twenty-five
37. The goal of “preventive detention” is primarily:
a. retribution.
b. incapacitation.
c. expiation.
d. restitution.
38. The most dramatic increases in the U.S. rate of imprisonment occurred in the:
a. 1850s
b. 1890s
c. 1950s
d. 1980s
39. Polls show that the public expects the correctional system to:
a. deter future crimes.
b. provide treatment.
c. punish wrong-doing.
d. all of the above.
40. Prisons cost more than _____ in most states.
a. roads
b. higher education
c. health care
d. all of the above.
CHAPTER 2
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Knowledge of history is vital to the study of corrections because:
a. it helps us avoid the mistakes of the past.
b. it helps to explain why the system is organized in a particular way.
c. it helps to predict the effects of new programs and policies.
d. all of the above.
2. When humans began to__________, the family began to lose its social control power,
and crime became a problem.
a. form governments
b. live in cities
c. value cultural diversity
d. devalue religion
3. In ancient civilizations, the punishments demanded by the written legal codes
depended at least partly on:
a. the emperor’s mood.
b. the offender’s status.
c. the place in which the crime occurred.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 19
4. Throughout the Middle Ages the severity of punishment ________ as crime became
more of a problem.
a. decreased
b. remained the same
c. increased
d. disappeared
5. The concept of the “King’s Peace”:
a. made the state the victim of all crimes.
b. encouraged a humanitarian approach to crime control.
c. was based on retribution.
d. was all of the above.
6. Public mutilation and execution had __________ effect on the crime rate while
England was urbanizing.
a. a huge
b. no
c. a small
d. a negative
7. From ancient times up until the 1800s punishments were usually:
a. corporal.
b. capital.
c. financial.
d. all of the above.
8. Incarceration became the main form of punishment in the:
a. Roman Empire.
b. Biblical times.
c. early 1800s.
d. early 1900s.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 20
9. ________ is the doctrine that says all government decisions should be designed to
produce the greatest pleasure for the largest number of citizens.
a. Communism
b. Utilitarianism
c. Hedonism
d. Industrialism
10. The assumptions and logic that lead us to believe punishment can deter future crime
also form the basis for:
a. the civil liberties found in the Bill of Rights.
b. use of the military in crime control.
c. treatment.
d. all of the above.
11. Many of the principles embodied in the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights originated
in:
a. the classical school of thought.
b. the positive school of democratic thought.
c. the Quaker religion.
d. all of the above.
12. Indeterminate sentences were first used in the United States by:
a. Alexander Machanochie
b. Benjamin Rush
c. Walter Crofton
d. Zebulon Brockway
13. The Classical school supported each of the following EXCEPT:
a. deterrence
b. civil liberties
c. torture
d. utilitarianism
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 21
14. The English decision to replace capital punishment with incarceration as the main
form of punishment resulted from:
a. the observation that the executions were not deterring crime.
b. the belief that execution was not humane.
c. the expense of executing offenders.
d. public revulsion at the brutality of execution.
15. ________ in the United States first replaced corporal punishment with imprisonment
for religious reasons.
a. Catholics
b. Quakers
c. Moslems
d. Jews
16. The Pennsylvania system was also known as the:
a. segregate system.
b. congregate system.
c. punitive system.
d. rehabilitative system.
17. The Auburn system was also known as the:
a. segregate system.
b. congregate system.
c. punitive system.
d. rehabilitative system.
18. Both the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems were based on the use of:
a. complete isolation.
b. expiation.
c. corporal punishment to enforce rules.
d. all of the above.
19. The doctrines that guided the organization and practices of early U.S. prisons:
a. separation, discipline, and labor.
b. revenge, deterrence, and democracy.
c. determinate sentences, corporal punishment, and rehabilitation.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 22
20. Supporters of the Auburn, or congregate, system argued that it made ________ for
the state.
a. justice
b. punishment
c. money
d. good publicity
21. Pennsylvania system inmates were forbidden to:
a. work or have recreation.
b. avoid rehabilitative counseling.
c. communicate with others.
d. shave.
22. The Auburn system differed from that developed in Pennsylvania in its:
a. profitability.
b. use of supervised group work by inmates.
c. use of corporal punishment to enforce rules.
d. all of the above.
23. Southern prisons from the civil war until the early 1900s were based on the ________
model of organization.
a. military
b. slavery
c. industrial
d. reformatory
24. After the Civil War, many Southern jurisdictions:
a. leased inmates to private businesses.
b. used inmate labor to rebuild damage done by the war.
c. used criminal justice to control ex-slaves.
d. ignored the requirements of federal law.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 23
25. Which of the following is NOT true of Southern lease camps:
a. They had low rates of recidivism.
b. They were so filthy and oppressive that government inspectors would not enter
them.
c. They treated prisoners in grossly unjust ways.
d. They violated federal laws.
26. Prisons of the reformatory era operated under the philosophy of:
a. restitution.
b. incapacitation.
c. rehabilitation.
d. deterrence.
e. expiation.
27. The “reform” approach to rehabilitation:
a. Uses all ethical means to force an offender to change.
b. Allows offenders to guide their own treatment
c. Presumes offenders are victims of society.
d. All of the above.
28. Meaningful and profitable prison labor was outlawed as a result of:
a. Supreme Court rulings during the Due Process Revolution.
b. lawsuits by business and labor unions in the late 1800s.
c. religious objections to profiting from misery in the early 1900s.
d. government concerns about prison security in the last 30 years.
29. The positivists tried to use ________ to solve social problems.
a. law
b. religion
c. science
d. all of the above
30. Positivism stressed ________ rather than deterrence.
a. treatment
b. prevention
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 24
31. The “Progressive Era” saw conditions for ________ improve in most states.
a. women
b. minorities
c. criminal suspects
d. all of the above
32. The Great Depression led to:
a. bans on the sale of prison-made goods.
b. an increase in crime larger than any experienced before or since that era.
c. greater emphasis on crime prevention.
d. the use of inmate labor to help build state treasuries.
33. Warehouse and Big House prisons were primarily places for ________ offenders.
a. rehabilitating
b. torturing
c. incapacitating
d. working
34. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created in response to ________ in state and local
institutions.
a. use of the lease system
b. overcrowding
c. corruption and abuses
d. all of the above
35. The Due Process Revolution helped professionalize corrections by making
practitioners aware of the importance of:
a. ethics.
b. retribution.
c. incapacitation.
d. vengeance.
36. The ________ doctrine maintains that rights require constitutional protection but
privileges may be granted or withdrawn at the discretion of the agency.
a. hands-off
b. social death
c. rights-versus-privilege
d. due process
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 25
37. The ________ doctrine allowed the courts to ignore prison conditions and practices
for most of this nation’s history by placing state prisons beyond the power of federal
courts.
a. dead to the world
b. hands-off
c. Meliankoff
d. all of the above
38. Which of the following BEST describes the current relationship between prisons/jails
and the courts?
a. The “hands-on” era in which the courts intervene freely in correctional matters.
b. The “hands-off” era meaning that the courts do not intervene in corrections unless
there is criminal activity on the part of correctional employees.
c. The “one hand on-one hand off” era in which the courts intervene cautiously and
only when a clear threat to basic rights exists.
d. None of the above, we now operate under the “rights vs. privileges” doctrine.
39. Racial inequalities in prison populations rose much more dramatically between
________ than during any other period of U.S. history.
a. 1900 and 1920
b. 1800 and 1825
c. 1960 and 1970
d. 1980 and 1995
40. The “New Penology” reflects:
a. loss of faith in punishment and rehabilitation.
b. concern with administrative issues.
c. the ideas that drove the anti-crime backlash of the 1980s.
d. all of the above.
CHAPTER 3
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Knowledge of history is vital to the study of corrections because:
a. it helps us avoid the mistakes of the past.
b. it helps to explain why the system is organized in a particular way.
c. it helps to predict the effects of new programs and policies.
d. all of the above.
2. When humans began to__________, the family began to lose its social control power,
and crime became a problem.
a. form governments
b. live in cities
c. value cultural diversity
d. devalue religion
3. In ancient civilizations, the punishments demanded by the written legal codes
depended at least partly on:
a. the emperor’s mood.
b. the offender’s status.
c. the place in which the crime occurred.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 19
4. Throughout the Middle Ages the severity of punishment ________ as crime became
more of a problem.
a. decreased
b. remained the same
c. increased
d. disappeared
5. The concept of the “King’s Peace”:
a. made the state the victim of all crimes.
b. encouraged a humanitarian approach to crime control.
c. was based on retribution.
d. was all of the above.
6. Public mutilation and execution had __________ effect on the crime rate while
England was urbanizing.
a. a huge
b. no
c. a small
d. a negative
7. From ancient times up until the 1800s punishments were usually:
a. corporal.
b. capital.
c. financial.
d. all of the above.
8. Incarceration became the main form of punishment in the:
a. Roman Empire.
b. Biblical times.
c. early 1800s.
d. early 1900s.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 20
9. ________ is the doctrine that says all government decisions should be designed to
produce the greatest pleasure for the largest number of citizens.
a. Communism
b. Utilitarianism
c. Hedonism
d. Industrialism
10. The assumptions and logic that lead us to believe punishment can deter future crime
also form the basis for:
a. the civil liberties found in the Bill of Rights.
b. use of the military in crime control.
c. treatment.
d. all of the above.
11. Many of the principles embodied in the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights originated
in:
a. the classical school of thought.
b. the positive school of democratic thought.
c. the Quaker religion.
d. all of the above.
12. Indeterminate sentences were first used in the United States by:
a. Alexander Machanochie
b. Benjamin Rush
c. Walter Crofton
d. Zebulon Brockway
13. The Classical school supported each of the following EXCEPT:
a. deterrence
b. civil liberties
c. torture
d. utilitarianism
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 21
14. The English decision to replace capital punishment with incarceration as the main
form of punishment resulted from:
a. the observation that the executions were not deterring crime.
b. the belief that execution was not humane.
c. the expense of executing offenders.
d. public revulsion at the brutality of execution.
15. ________ in the United States first replaced corporal punishment with imprisonment
for religious reasons.
a. Catholics
b. Quakers
c. Moslems
d. Jews
16. The Pennsylvania system was also known as the:
a. segregate system.
b. congregate system.
c. punitive system.
d. rehabilitative system.
17. The Auburn system was also known as the:
a. segregate system.
b. congregate system.
c. punitive system.
d. rehabilitative system.
18. Both the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems were based on the use of:
a. complete isolation.
b. expiation.
c. corporal punishment to enforce rules.
d. all of the above.
19. The doctrines that guided the organization and practices of early U.S. prisons:
a. separation, discipline, and labor.
b. revenge, deterrence, and democracy.
c. determinate sentences, corporal punishment, and rehabilitation.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 22
20. Supporters of the Auburn, or congregate, system argued that it made ________ for
the state.
a. justice
b. punishment
c. money
d. good publicity
21. Pennsylvania system inmates were forbidden to:
a. work or have recreation.
b. avoid rehabilitative counseling.
c. communicate with others.
d. shave.
22. The Auburn system differed from that developed in Pennsylvania in its:
a. profitability.
b. use of supervised group work by inmates.
c. use of corporal punishment to enforce rules.
d. all of the above.
23. Southern prisons from the civil war until the early 1900s were based on the ________
model of organization.
a. military
b. slavery
c. industrial
d. reformatory
24. After the Civil War, many Southern jurisdictions:
a. leased inmates to private businesses.
b. used inmate labor to rebuild damage done by the war.
c. used criminal justice to control ex-slaves.
d. ignored the requirements of federal law.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 23
25. Which of the following is NOT true of Southern lease camps:
a. They had low rates of recidivism.
b. They were so filthy and oppressive that government inspectors would not enter
them.
c. They treated prisoners in grossly unjust ways.
d. They violated federal laws.
26. Prisons of the reformatory era operated under the philosophy of:
a. restitution.
b. incapacitation.
c. rehabilitation.
d. deterrence.
e. expiation.
27. The “reform” approach to rehabilitation:
a. Uses all ethical means to force an offender to change.
b. Allows offenders to guide their own treatment
c. Presumes offenders are victims of society.
d. All of the above.
28. Meaningful and profitable prison labor was outlawed as a result of:
a. Supreme Court rulings during the Due Process Revolution.
b. lawsuits by business and labor unions in the late 1800s.
c. religious objections to profiting from misery in the early 1900s.
d. government concerns about prison security in the last 30 years.
29. The positivists tried to use ________ to solve social problems.
a. law
b. religion
c. science
d. all of the above
30. Positivism stressed ________ rather than deterrence.
a. treatment
b. prevention
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above.
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 24
31. The “Progressive Era” saw conditions for ________ improve in most states.
a. women
b. minorities
c. criminal suspects
d. all of the above
32. The Great Depression led to:
a. bans on the sale of prison-made goods.
b. an increase in crime larger than any experienced before or since that era.
c. greater emphasis on crime prevention.
d. the use of inmate labor to help build state treasuries.
33. Warehouse and Big House prisons were primarily places for ________ offenders.
a. rehabilitating
b. torturing
c. incapacitating
d. working
34. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was created in response to ________ in state and local
institutions.
a. use of the lease system
b. overcrowding
c. corruption and abuses
d. all of the above
35. The Due Process Revolution helped professionalize corrections by making
practitioners aware of the importance of:
a. ethics.
b. retribution.
c. incapacitation.
d. vengeance.
36. The ________ doctrine maintains that rights require constitutional protection but
privileges may be granted or withdrawn at the discretion of the agency.
a. hands-off
b. social death
c. rights-versus-privilege
d. due process
Chapter Two The History of Punishment page 25
37. The ________ doctrine allowed the courts to ignore prison conditions and practices
for most of this nation’s history by placing state prisons beyond the power of federal
courts.
a. dead to the world
b. hands-off
c. Meliankoff
d. all of the above
38. Which of the following BEST describes the current relationship between prisons/jails
and the courts?
a. The “hands-on” era in which the courts intervene freely in correctional matters.
b. The “hands-off” era meaning that the courts do not intervene in corrections unless
there is criminal activity on the part of correctional employees.
c. The “one hand on-one hand off” era in which the courts intervene cautiously and
only when a clear threat to basic rights exists.
d. None of the above, we now operate under the “rights vs. privileges” doctrine.
39. Racial inequalities in prison populations rose much more dramatically between
________ than during any other period of U.S. history.
a. 1900 and 1920
b. 1800 and 1825
c. 1960 and 1970
d. 1980 and 1995
40. The “New Penology” reflects:
a. loss of faith in punishment and rehabilitation.
b. concern with administrative issues.
c. the ideas that drove the anti-crime backlash of the 1980s.
d. all of the above.
CHAPTER 4
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Community corrections is made up of ________ agencies.
a. prison and police
b. parole and probation
c. jail and prison
d. all of the above
2. ________ is the most common sentence for non-traffic offenses in the United States.
a. Jail
b. Prison
c. Probation
d. Parole
3. Which of the following is a major goal of probation?
a. reduce correctional costs.
b. provide restitution.
c. reduce the damage done by imprisonment.
d. encourage rehabilitation and reintegration.
e. all of the above.
4. Probation supervision is usually controlled by:
a. the state department of correction.
b. the sentencing court.
c. treatment providers.
d. all of the above jointly.
5. Probationers are more often ________ than are prison or jail inmates.
a. older and poorer
b. black or Hispanic
c. white and female
d. all of the above
Chapter Four Probation page 46
6. In response to conservative criticism of its treatment orientation, probation is
becoming ________ in many jurisdictions.
a. less frequent
b. more punishment oriented
c. more religiously focused
d. all of the above
7. Which of the following may affect the decision as to whether an offender receives
probation?
a. the availability of specific programs and services in the local area.
b. the philosophy of the sentencing court.
c. the availability of prison or jail cells.
d. all of the above.
8. Probation may be given as a result of plea bargaining when:
a. the prosecutor’s case is weak.
b. the victim is unwilling to testify.
c. restitution is the main goal of sentencing.
d. all of the above.
9. Legally, probation conditions are a ________ offered to the offender by the court.
a. special deal
b. punishment
c. contract
d. all of the above
10. Probation may be imposed only by:
a. a judge.
b. the legislature.
c. the governor.
d. the police.
11. Failure to follow the conditions of parole/probation that does not actually violate the
law is referred to as a ________ violation of probation/parole.
a. misdemeanor
b. felony
c. technical
d. abscond
Chapter Four Probation page 47
12. Conditions of probation are set by:
a. the trial court judge.
b. the probation officer.
c. the therapeutic triad.
d. a special jury.
13. ________ conditions of probation are those imposed on all offenders sentenced to
probation in a particular jurisdiction.
a. Standard
b. Special
c. Normal
d. Extraordinary
14. ________ conditions of probation are those added to meet the unique concerns of
controlling and rehabilitating a particular offender.
a. Standard
b. Special
c. Normal
d. Extraordinary
15. Drug testing and/or treatment, community service, counseling, living in a residential
facility, avoiding contact with the victim, or having to live under house arrest are
almost always ________ conditions of probation.
a. standard
b. special
c. normal
d. extraordinary
16. People on probation for a ________ are much more likely to complete their sentence
successfully than are those on probation for a ________
a. violent crime/public order crime.
b. misdemeanor/felony.
c. felony/misdemeanor.
d. public order crime/violent crime.
Chapter Four Probation page 48
17. Persons who have intentionally fled or hidden themselves so that their probation
officer cannot supervise them are known as:
a. runners.
b. technical violators.
c. absconders.
d. recidivists.
18. Probationers are ________ likely to commit a new crime while under community
supervision than parolees.
a. much less
b. slightly less
c. much more
d. slightly more
19. Which of the following rights are NOT possessed by a probationer facing revocation?
a. written notice of the charges, proceedings, and evidence to be used
b. power to subpoena
c. trial by jury
d. the right to confront accusers
20. Revocation proceedings use the ________ standard of proof to determine guilt.
a. criminal (beyond a reasonable doubt)
b. mental health (clear and convincing evidence)
c. civil (majority of evidence)
d. none of the above
21. Which of the following was most critical in defining the rights of a probationer facing
revocation?
a. Ruiz v. Estelle
b. Mapp v. Ohio
c. Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d. Pugh v. Locke
Chapter Four Probation page 49
22. Which of the following is NOT true of revocation of probation/parole:
a. violating any criminal law can result in revocation.
b. violating the conditions of release can result in revocation.
c. the majority of available evidence must indicate guilt.
d. the offender has all the rights of a felony defendant facing trial.
23. Which of the following is a vital part of the probation process?
a. investigation
b. supervision
c. treatment coordination
d. all of the above
24. The role of probation/parole officer includes each of the following EXCEPT:
a. investigating the background/living arrangements of potential releasees.
b. monitoring the offenders’ activities to assure that they are living within the law.
c. enforcing legally mandated conditions of liberty.
d. providing in-depth counseling to help the offender avoid future crime.
e. scrutinizing community programs that might meet the needs of various offenders.
25. Which of the following criteria are used to decide which offenders will receive
probation?
a. public safety
b. treatment needs
c. likelihood of success
d. all of the above
26. The Presentence Investigation Report is primarily intended to:
a. aid judges in making sentencing decisions.
b. aid in reducing prison crowding by encouraging the use of probation.
c. help the offender avoid punishment.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Four Probation page 50
27. A ________ examines the offender’s background and current situation in order to
estimate his/her treatment needs and the amount of danger he/she may pose to the
community.
a. presentence investigation
b. police investigation
c. prosecutor’s screening
d. classification analysis
28. Office visits serve mainly to allow the officer to:
a. collect paperwork, fees, and urine samples from the probationer.
b. provide a safe situation in which to confront the probationer about problem
behavior.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
29. Field visits provide officers with the opportunity to:
a. see how the offender lives.
b. speak with the family and neighbors of the probationer.
c. interact with the probationer in a relaxed setting.
d. all of the above.
30. Most probation service is organized at which level of government?
a. city
b. county
c. state
d. regional
31. Federal probation officers supervise:
a. persons released from federal prisons.
b. persons sentenced to probation by federal courts.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
Chapter Four Probation page 51
32. Case planning consists of:
a. written goals for each client.
b. a clear rationale each method of control used.
c. specific descriptions of the role played by police and treatment agencies.
d. clear written description of the client’s responsibilities.
e. all of the above.
33. Regular ________ allow probation officers to broaden their skills and keep up with
changes in the field.
a. teaching memos
b. in-service training sessions
c. attendance at college courses
d. home study
34. The group of offenders supervised by a single probation officer is known as his/her:
a. offender block.
b. caseload.
c. duty list.
d. millstone.
35. Which of the following best describes the average adult probation caseload in the
United States today?
a. about 50 clients
b. about 100 clients
c. about 250 clients
d. 400 to 500 clients
36. Small caseloads usually lead to ________ rates of revocation.
a. increased
b. decreased
c. no change in
d. an unpredictable effect on
Chapter Four Probation page 52
37. Small probation caseloads are desirable because they:
a. help assure closer control of the offender.
b. are less expensive than normal probation caseloads.
c. usually result in less recidivism.
d. encourage POs to do more counseling.
38. Small caseloads and intensive probation supervision can result in relatively high rates
of revocation for each of the following reasons EXCEPT:
a. offenders are under closer scrutiny.
b. high risk probationers are usually assigned to such programs.
c. probation officers become bored and frustrated.
d. all of the above.
39. Probation officers with ________ supervision caseloads usually have between 20 and
40 clients.
a. minimum
b. administrative
c. intensive
d. normal
40. To be effective, a probation officer needs a thorough knowledge of:
a. law.
b. offender behavior.
c. government organization.
d. treatment.
e. all of the above.
CHAPTER 5
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. ________ are alternatives to prison or jail that are run by probation and parole
agencies.
a. Diversion programs
b. Intermediate sanctions
c. Therapy centers
d. All of the above
2. Implementation of programs such as intensively supervised probation, house arrest,
electronic monitoring, restitution, and community service most often require:
a. the creation of new bureaucratic agencies.
b. more funding than imprisonment.
c. creativity on the part of judges and probation officers.
d. none of the above.
3. In order to assure public safety and satisfy the demands of judges, legislators, and
voters, intermediate sanctioning programs have tended to stress:
a. counseling for psychological rehabilitation.
b. an emphasis on employment and self help groups for the offender.
c. the deterrent and incapacitating characteristics of the programs.
d. none of the above.
4. The goals of intermediate sanctions vary according to:
a. the goals of the agency that administers it.
b. the beliefs of the judge or parole board that imposes it.
c. the needs and risks posed by the particular offender to whom it is assigned.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 59
5. Which of the following is NOT the main goal of most intermediate sanctions?
a. increase the probability of full rehabilitation.
b. provide maximum control with minimum cost.
c. force offenders to be as accountable and responsible as possible.
d. all of the above are common goals of intermediate sanctions.
6. Conservatives dislike high rates of imprisonment because they feel:
a. effects of prisonization cause further crime.
b. its financial cost is too high.
c. community-based services are more efficient.
d. all of the above.
7. Liberals prefer community-based supervision/control because they feel:
a. the effects of prisonization cause further crime.
b. its financial cost is too high.
c. community-based services are more efficient.
d. all of the above.
8. A program that employs alternative sentencing prior to imprisonment is called:
a. standard probation.
b. a back-door approach.
c. a front-door approach.
d. standard parole.
9. The ________ costs of imprisonment include welfare payments for the inmate’s family
and tax revenues that could have been collected if the offender had remained in the
community.
a. direct
b. indirect
c. theoretical
d. practical
10. Intermediate sanctions were created to allow:
a. offenders to avoid the negative influences of prison.
b. lowered correctional costs.
c. community control to become more incapacitating.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 60
11. To be cost-effective, intermediate sanctions should be used with:
a. nonviolent offenders.
b. persons with few prior arrests.
c. those who would otherwise be incarcerated.
d. all of the above.
12. Which of the following limits the breadth and range of intermediate sanctions?
a. The limits placed on corrections by the courts.
b. The creativity of the authorities that impose them.
c. The fact that most are more costly than imprisonment.
d. The costs of creating a new agency to administer them.
13. Some agencies use the term ________ to describe a series of programs or conditions
of liberty that gradually increase the punishment and intrusiveness of community
corrections according to the offender’s behavior.
a. graduated sanctions
b. incarcerative modicums
c. prison substitutes
d. monitored living arrangements
14. The most popular intermediate sanction in the United States today is:
a. the therapeutic community.
b. electronic monitoring.
c. restitution.
d. all of the above are equally popular.
15. Most studies indicate that restitution has ________ effect on offender recidivism rates.
a. a large and positive
b. no
c. a small but negative
d. no studies have examined this issue.
16. Direct restitution is oriented primarily to:
a. assisting the victim.
b. reforming the offender.
c. rebuilding the community.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 61
17. Community service is oriented primarily to:
a. reforming the offender.
b. assisting the victim.
c. (re)building the community.
d. all of the above.
18. Restitution payments may be distributed by any of the following EXCEPT:
a. the state attorney general.
b. the probation department.
c. the prosecutor’s office.
d. the offender.
19. Fears of a “perpetual incarceration machine” developing within community
corrections are focused on the use of:
a. punishment rather than treatment.
b. excessive levels of supervision.
c. fines, fees, and restitution payments that add up to much of an offender’s
income.
d. Use of split sentences and boot camps.
20. Offenders in intensive supervision caseloads get at least ________ the attention from
the probation or parole officer that normal clients receive.
a. twice
b. five times
c. ten times
d. one hundred times
21. Offenders are usually placed on ISP because:
a. their crimes were more serious than those of other probationers or parolees.
b. they performed poorly under regular supervision.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 62
22. Which of the following is NOT a reason that ISP caseloads have higher revocation
rates than others?
a. they include the poorest risks for community supervision.
b. these offenders are watched more closely than others.
c. they are supervised by the least skilled officers.
d. officers are quicker to initiate revocation proceedings against them.
23. Specialized caseloads usually consist of:
a. sex offenders.
b. substance abusers.
c. mentally impaired offenders.
d. any of the above.
24. Specialized caseloads usually receive ________ supervision
a. lenient
b. intensive
c. supercilious
d. fictive
25. The best way to improve ISPs’ ability to cut recidivism and prison costs would be to
increase the emphasis on:
a. punishment rather than treatment.
b. control rather than punishment.
c. self-esteem and personal values.
d. drug treatment.
26. Ignition interlock systems are designed to:
a. assure the sobriety of drivers.
b. humiliate offenders each time they use a vehicle.
c. help pay for treatment.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 63
27. Studies show that boot camps which stress discipline and labor rather than
counseling:
a. reduce recidivism more than probation or prison.
b. are no more effective than probation or prison in reducing recidivism.
c. may actually encourage recidivism.
d. do not exist in the United States.
28. Day centers function to:
a. keep unemployed offenders off the street.
b. provide a convenient central location for service providers.
c. assure that there will be few rewards from avoiding employment.
d. all of the above.
29. There are relatively few day centers in the United States because:
a. the public opposes treatment.
b. the supreme court says it is illegal to punish the unemployed.
c. people do not want them near their neighborhoods.
d. none of the above; day centers are very common throughout the United States.
30. Why are institutional administrators intimidated by movements toward
deinstitutionalization?
a. They fear losing an essential element of the facility’s work force.
b. They fear loss of funding through per capita formulas used by legislatures.
c. They put the needs of their facility first.
d. All of the above.
31. Which of the following is the LEAST important goal of modern ISP programs?
a. deterrence
b. incapacitation/control
c. retribution
d. expiation
32. The effectiveness of intermediate sanctions vary with:
a. the quality of each program’s staff.
b. the way in which they are imposed.
c. the methods used to select clients.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 64
33. Of all the intermediate sanctions reviewed in the text, only ________ has been shown
to reduce recidivism.
a. boot camps
b. the therapeutic community
c. restitution
d. day reporting centers
34. Therapeutic communities differ from other alternative sentences because they:
a. are more concerned with rehabilitation than control.
b. require the offender to live at a particular facility.
c. tolerate illegal and deviant behavior so long as no one is endangered.
d. are all of the above.
35. EMHC seems to have ________ effect on the mental health of offenders and to impact
their family environment in a ________ way.
a. a slightly negative/very negative
b. no/slightly positive
c. no/slightly negative
d. a very positive/slightly positive
36. Small probation caseloads are desirable because:
a. they encourage and facilitate high quality contacts between P.O. and offender.
b. they are less expensive to administer than normal probation caseloads.
c. they always result in less recidivism.
d. all of the above.
37. Concern with the ethics of alternative sentencing include fears that:
a. such programs will “widen the net of social control.”
b. lack sufficient value as a deterrent to crime.
c. de-emphasize rehabilitation in favor of supervision.
d. will discriminate in favor of wealthy offenders.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Five Intermediate Sanctions page 65
38. The greatest fear of alternative sanctions is that they will ________ by encouraging
the supervision of people whose crimes are so minor that they would not otherwise
be placed under correctional control.
a. discriminate against the poor
b. expand the net of social control
c. create a culture of surveillance
d. reduce the use of treatment
39. The idea of ________ requires that the benefits of a program should be compared
with those of others that were not being used because of limited resources.
a. opportunity costs
b. community service
c. net widening
d. third party impact reduction
CHAPTER 6
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. People under supervision after being released from prison differ from probationers in
that:
a. they were among the most serious offenders in their communities.
b. they found it hard to adapt to the community supervision prior to prison and had
their probation revoked.
c. prison taught them to distrust others and solve problems with deceit or violence.
d. any or all of the above.
2. Being a convicted felon affects a person’s ________ for the rest of their life.
a. identity
b. social status
c. material welfare
d. all of the above
3. Which of the following is a method by which an inmate might be released from
prison?
a. pardon
b. conditional mandatory release
c. unconditional mandatory discharge
d. parole
e. all of the above
4. Both parole and supervised mandatory release are ________ forms of release.
a. conditional
b. lenient
c. stringent
d. unconditional
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 72
5. Offenders who are not supervised after prison are said to have received a(n)
________ release.
a. conditional
b. lenient
c. stringent
d. unconditional
6. Commutations and pardons are both forms of:
a. lenient sentencing.
b. executive clemency.
c. judicial reprieves.
d. legislative forgiveness.
7. The most common type of unconditional release is ________, which infers that the
offender did not qualify for discretionary release or good time.
a. parole
b. gubernatorial pardon
c. mandatory discharge
d. presidential pardon
8. ________ occurs when an offender has served the maximum sentence assigned by the
trial court minus good time.
a. Mandatory supervised release
b. Parole
c. Pardon
d. Mandatory discharge
9. Parole allows the criminal justice system to:
a. supervise the offender after he has been released from prison.
b. advertise severe sanctions while quietly alleviating overcrowding and financial
pressures in prisons.
c. even out sentencing disparities.
d. all of the above.
e. a and b only.
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 73
10. Legally, parole is a:
a. right.
b. matter of contract.
c. privilege.
d. all of the above.
11. Parole is:
a. supervision in the community following imprisonment.
b. a privilege extended to inmates by the legislature or parole board.
c. a method of encouraging inmates to follow prison rules.
d. a period of adjustment to free society following imprisonment.
e. all of the above.
12. A parole board is usually appointed by:
a. the legislature.
b. the governor.
c. the supreme court or court of criminal appeals.
d. the department of corrections.
13. To be appointed to a parole board, most states require that one have:
a. a degree in criminal justice or abnormal psychology.
b. five years experience in the justice system.
c. the nomination of the governor.
d. all of the above.
14. The responsibilities of a parole board usually include:
a. setting the policies that determine which inmates will receive discretionary
release.
b. setting the conditions of release for each offender.
c. deciding which offenders should be revoked.
d. advising the governor and legislature on matters related to the reintegration of
offenders and public safety.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 74
15. It is increasingly common to see parole boards using ________ criteria based on
factors that have been found to predict success among parolees in the past to grant
paroles.
a. actuarial
b. clinical
c. subjective
d. anamnestic
16. Parole is typical of the entire correctional enterprise because it relies on:
a. popular support for leniency.
b. the logic of the justice model.
c. estimates of the danger of recidivism.
d. the judgement of elected officials.
17. Which of the following rights does an inmate have when his parole is being
considered?
a. notice of the hearing.
b. right to present evidence and confront accusers.
c. right to an attorney.
d. trial by jury
18. A release plan:
a. describes where the offender will live and work after release.
b. is checked out by a parole officer in the field.
c. can be rejected or modified by field officers.
d. is all of the above.
19. Conditions of parole are assigned by:
a. the parole officer.
b. the prison warden.
c. the parole board.
d. the local police chief or sheriff.
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 75
20. An inmate may be released due to action taken by:
a. the legislature.
b. the governor.
c. the parole board.
d. any of the above
21. Which of the following may be used to justify special conditions of release from
prison?
a. past offenses.
b. arrests that did not lead to a conviction.
c. disciplinary problems in the prison.
d. all of the above.
22. One out of every ________ releasees who are revoked has violated only a technical
condition of release rather than having committed a new crime.
a. two
b. three
c. five
d. ten
23. Approximately ________ percent of those granted conditional release from prison
complete their sentence successfully in the community.
a. ten
b. forty
c. sixty
d. eighty
24. Parole may be (and often is) denied because:
a. the convict has not adjusted to the institutional lifestyle.
b. the parole board feels the inmate is a threat to public safety.
c. of boundary-setting and general deterrence needs that are not directly related to
the inmate.
d. correctional authorities have not yet assessed the risks and needs of the inmate.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 76
25. Which of the following does NOT predict success for a parolee?
a. being older (over 45).
b. having a short criminal record.
c. conviction for a “non-vocational” offense.
d. serving a long sentence.
26. The most serious problems faced by ex-prisoners center on their:
a. ability to get a job.
b. loss of social skills while imprisoned.
c. hatred of society.
d. inevitable return to crime.
27. A program that helps releasees get jobs and obtain counseling will save ________ for
each dollar it spends.
a. one dollar
b. four dollars
c. twenty dollars
d. one hundred dollars
28. Opponents of laws that require public notification when sex offenders are present in
the community fear each of the following EXCEPT:
a. the civil rights of the offender will be violated.
b. parents will develop a false sense of safety.
c. vigilantism will result.
d. social isolation and stress will drive these offenders to commit new crimes.
29. Revocation of parole usually involves ________ hearings before a neutral party.
a. two
b. three
c. five
d. ten
30. An absconder is a probationer or parolee who has:
a. committed a crime while under supervision.
b. hidden from the supervising officer.
c. committed only a minor technical violation.
d. cooperated fully with authorities.
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 77
31. ________ time is the portion of the sentence served under parole supervision that can
be lost as a result of revocation.
a. Good
b. Street
c. Free
d. Down
32. Many states use ________ to conduct parole revocation hearings and make
recommendations to the parole board.
a. legislative committees
b. hearing officers
c. retired judges
d. parole supervisors
33. Which of the following is NOT true of revocation of probation/parole:
a. violating any criminal law can result in revocation.
b. violating the conditions of release can result in revocation.
c. the majority of available evidence must indicate guilt.
d. the offender must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
34. The paternal role is preferred by the author because it:
a. emphasizes treatment.
b. emphasizes control.
c. can do either or both of the above.
d. does neither of the above.
35. The preferred type of parole/probation officer is described as a:
a. punitive officer.
b. welfare worker.
c. paternal officer.
d. passive agent.
36. A ________ focuses on punishment and control.
a. punitive officer
b. welfare worker
c. paternal officer
d. passive agent
Chapter Six Postimprisonment Community Supervision page 78
37. A ________ focuses on assisting the offender in building a happy, productive life.
They often presume that happy people do not commit crimes.
a. punitive officer
b. welfare worker
c. paternal officer
d. passive agent
38. A parole officer who likes having a secure government job but avoids any task that
will require much effort is known as a:
a. punitive officer.
b. welfare worker.
c. paternal officer.
d. passive agent.
39. Relationships between parole/probation officers and the offenders they supervise are
guided by the fact that:
a. the officer is trying to “convert” the offender to conventional life.
b. the offender seeks survival with dignity.
c. the officer has the power to revoke liberty.
d. all of the above.
40. A parole officer allowing a releasee to fix her car would be an example of a:
a. bribe.
b. dual relationship.
c. criminal act.
d. legitimate job benefit.
CHAPTER 7
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is expected to have a significant impact on the size and nature
of correctional populations?
a. general social trends, like the aging of the nation’s population.
b. changes in the criminal law.
c. changes in government priorities.
d. the problems of the poor.
e. all of the above.
2. Which of the following is NOT a part of the modern U.S. convict code?
a. attending treatment is seen as “smart.”
b. extremes of violence are expected and accepted.
c. racial divisions are decreasing in importance.
d. all of the above are modern norms for U.S. prisoners.
3. Which of the following has a higher rate of violence than the United States?
a. Canada
b. Russia
c. China
d. none of the above
4. Economists warn that the current rate of imprisonment could soon lead to:
a. a serious lack of qualified correctional workers.
b. economic disaster for many states.
c. a hyperactive economy.
d. all of the above.
5. Prison inmates are disproportionately:
a. young and minority
b. poor and unemployed.
c. urban and addicted
d. all of the above
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 85
6. Overall, economists point out that prisons:
a. contribute many high-paying jobs to the nation’s economy.
b. do less for the economy than virtually any other sort of activity.
c. have no effect on the economy.
d. have never been examined scientifically.
7. Most of the inmates of ________ facilities have been convicted of a violent offense.
a. state
b. federal
c. county
d. city
8. Federal prisoners are more often ________ than are state inmates.
a. white collar offenders
b. drug couriers or “mules”
c. higher in IQ
d. all of the above
9. Most ________ inmates have been convicted of a drug offense.
a. state
b. federal
c. county
d. city
10. The most pressing infectious disease problem for prisons is:
a. HIV-AIDS because so many inmates are having sex with one another.
b. tuberculosis because it spreads so rapidly in a secure facility.
c. influenza because it so expensive to cure.
d. all of the above are equally problematic for prisons.
11. Most prison inmates are:
a. from large cities.
b. under 40 years of age.
c. males.
d. minorities.
e. all of the above.
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 86
12. Which of the following is NOT a result of rising imprisonment rates?
a. Other services, like education, are getting a smaller share of state funding.
b. Drug use is being reduced throughout the nation.
c. Unemployment rates are artificially suppressed.
d. Victims feel that justice is being better served.
13. The rate of incarceration for African-American males is approximately ________ times
greater than that for whites.
a. 2
b. 8
c. 20
d. 100
14. Racial imbalances in prison populations ________ as rates of imprisonment rise.
a. become more extreme
b. become less extreme
c. are unaffected
d. cease to exist
15. The increase in the overall rate of imprisonment is due to:
a. decreased tolerance for violence.
b. the war on drugs.
c. decreased tolerance for probation and parole violations.
d. all of the above.
16. The increase in the rate of imprisonment for African Americans is due to:
a. decreased tolerance for violence.
b. the war on drugs.
c. decreased tolerance for probation and parole violations.
d. all of the above.
17. Throughout history, imprisonment patterns have been most strongly impacted by the:
a. nature and extent of crime.
b. type of government.
c. economic power structure of the society.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 87
18. The high rate of HIV among male prison populations is due mainly to the fact that
many:
a. lived in unsanitary conditions prior to imprisonment.
b. were active homosexuals.
c. worked as prostitutes.
d. were intravenous drug users.
19. The primary response to AIDS in prisons is:
a. isolation of at-risk inmates.
b. testing and education.
c. sterilization.
d. medical experimentation.
20. Most U.S. prisons now test inmates for AIDS:
a. upon admission to prison.
b. if they belong to high risk groups or request it.
c. if they are suspected of prior promiscuity.
d. all of the above.
21. The proportion of inmates infected with HIV/AIDS is increasing the fastest among:
a. whites.
b. African Americans.
c. males.
d. females.
22. The leading cause of death among prison inmates is:
a. AIDS.
b. natural causes.
c. murder.
d. suicide.
23. Inmates are at high risk for tuberculosis because:
a. they are drug/alcohol abusers and/or HIV-positive.
b. they are poor and/or minorities.
c. confinement and crowding increase the risk of TB infection.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 88
24. Tuberculosis is about ________ times more common among inmates than the general
population.
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 100
25. The ________ requires that all disabled citizens have access to public facilities and be
given all possible opportunities to lead productive lives.
a. Civil Rights Act of 1871
b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. Prison Litigation Reform Act
d. Americans with Disabilities Act
26. Handling the needs of the physically disabled is a matter of:
a. creativity and sensitivity.
b. architecture and funding.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
27. The term “special needs offenders” includes:
a. the mentally challenged.
b. those with serious mental disorders.
c. substance abusers.
d. sex offenders.
e. all of the above.
28. Illegal drugs are ________ to obtain in most U.S. prisons.
a. easy
b. hard
c. impossible
d. cheap
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 89
29. ________ is the only drug recognized by the U.S. Department of Justice as known to
cause aggression in humans and is a factor in about 60% of homicides.
a. Cocaine
b. Marijuana
c. Heroin
d. Alcohol
30. When compared with other inmates, sex offenders tend to be:
a. older.
b. less often part of a criminal subculture.
c. easier to control.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
31. Drug offenders benefit most from:
a. deterrent policies mandating prison time
b. intensive treatment
c. long sentences that assure abstinence
d. none of the above, most quit after being arrested.
32. Sex offenders have ________ rates of post-imprisonment re-offending than do drug or
violent offenders.
a. higher
b. similar
c. equal
d. lower
33. Inmates with mental disabilities serious enough to assure them treatment include
each of the following EXCEPT those who:
a. are so disturbed that they cannot control their thoughts, actions, or emotions.
b. are so retarded that they cannot adapt to the demands of the institution.
c. are at risk for suicide.
d. have personality disorders.
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 90
34. Most elderly inmates:
a. are sex offenders.
b. committed crimes early in life and received long sentences.
c. are large-scale drug traffickers or white-collar criminals.
d. are all of the above.
35. Penologists define inmates over the age of ________ as older or elderly.
a. 40
b. 55
c. 65
d. 75
36. ________ uses estimates of the threat posed by each inmate to assign prisoners to
specific facilities.
a. Institutional classification
b. Regional assessment
c. System wide classification
d. All of the above
37. ________ is done later to place inmates in specific housing areas, programs, and work
assignments.
a. Institutional classification
b. Regional assessment
c. System wide classification
d. All of the above
38. Which of the following is the predominant concern in the classification process?
a. rehabilitation
b. costs
c. discipline
d. all of the above are of equal concern
Chapter Seven Prison Populations page 91
39. ________ classification systems focus on the security issues raised by the offender’s
background, legal history, and personality.
a. Psychological
b. Risk-based
c. Institutional
d. System wide
40. ________ are special long-term, close-confinement areas for inmates who are at high
risk of escape or violence which constitute the most secure facilities in use today.
a. Isolation pods
b. Solitary confinement cells
c. Segregation units
d. Star chambers
CHAPTER 8
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. ________ asserts that status roles and subcultures of the prison are products of the
identities established by inmates before imprisonment.
a. Deprivation theory
b. The labeling perspective
c. Importation theory
d. The conflict perspective
2. Which of the following is the most recent change in the convict code of U.S. Prison
inmates?
a. attending treatment is growing popular.
b. extremes of violence are expected and accepted
c. racial divisions are decreasing in importance.
d. all of the above.
3. ________ alleges that inmate societies develop out of the hardships suffered by
inmates while incarcerated.
a. Deprivation theory
b. The labeling perspective
c. Importation theory
d. The conflict perspective
4. In penology, a situational factor is one that:
a. is brought into the prison by inmates from their home communities.
b. occurs as a result of the organization of prison life.
c. occurs only occasionally as a result of unusual circumstances.
d. all of the above.
5. A(n) ________ is a bureaucratically administered facility in which a large number of
people with similar statuses live for relatively long periods of time with little contact
with the outside world.
a. total institution
b. open facility
c. closed facility
d. partial institution
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 98
6. The acquisition, to lesser or greater degree, of the general culture of the penitentiary
is called:
a. enculturation.
b. assimilation.
c. criminogenesis.
d. prisonization.
7. Which of the following is NOT true of the conclusions reached by Zimbardo after
experimenting with college students?
a. prisons create and/or worsen pathology in both guards and inmates.
b. prisons should be reserved for only the most dangerous offenders.
c. prisons can rehabilitate offenders if run democratically so that inmates control
their environment.
d. all of the above ARE true of Zimbardo’s conclusions.
8. Wheeler’s U-curve thesis is based on research showing that:
a. inmate attitudes are more antisocial at the beginning of their sentence than at the
end.
b. inmate attitudes are most prosocial during the first and last six months of their
sentence.
c. inmate attitudes are more antisocial at the end of their sentence than at the
beginning.
d. there is no relationship between an inmate’s attitude and how much of his
sentence had been served.
9. Which of the following would NOT minimize prisonization?
a. a short sentence.
b. positive relationships with non-criminals outside the prison.
c. avoiding deviant activities while imprisoned.
d. having a stable personality.
e. all of the above ARE factors that would minimize prisonization.
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 99
10. An inmate with much knowledge of, and many contacts in, both the prison and
outside world but little loyalty to either is referred to as having a(n) ________
orientation.
a. prosocial.
b. antisocial.
c. pseudosocial.
d. asocial.
11. Which of the following orientations best exemplifies the norms of the convict code:
a. prosocial
b. antisocial
c. pseudo-social
d. asocial
12. The hardest adjustment for most prisoners concerns the way in which _____ is
experienced.
a. fear
b. time
c. hate
d. deterrence
13. When a person prefers relationships with the opposite sex but resorts to homosexual
liaisons when forced into a sexually segregated living situation, the resulting behavior
is called ________ homosexuality.
a. prisonized
b. dispositional
c. situational
d. socialized
14. Prisonization:
a. consists mainly of learning how to enjoy prison life.
b. deters crime and helps achieve restitution.
c. socializes inmates to accept the identity and subcultural norms of convict society.
d. is predicted largely by imported variables.
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 100
15. The idea of being powerless to affect one’s own life, depending on others for virtually
everything and blaming others for what happens is known as:
a. prisonization.
b. deprivation response.
c. learned helplessness.
d. none of the above.
16. Which of the following is a major cause of prisonization?
a. involuntary incarceration.
b. segregation from mainstream society, significant others, and the opposite sex.
c. the complex, unique system of social roles in prison.
d. degradation ceremonies.
e. all of the above are major sources of prisonization.
17. Which of the following is NOT likely to minimize prisonization?
a. serving time in a small, treatment-oriented facility.
b. high levels of security.
c. having a stable personality.
d. rejecting the norms of the convict society.
e. avoiding deviant activities within the prison.
18. ________ is the preferred drug among prison inmates who use drugs.
a. Heroin
b. Cocaine
c. Marijuana
d. Ecstasy
19. ________ is a person’s ability to examine the future consequences of actions being
considered in the present and is an important predictor of crime.
a. Verbal IQ
b. Catastrophisizing
c. Time horizon
d. All of the above
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 101
20. Murderers are often of the ________ type.
a. prosocial
b. antisocial
c. pseudo-social
d. asocial
21. Which of the following is NOT one of the two biggest problems facing prison officials
in the 1990s?
a. crowding
b. gangs
c. court intervention
d. all of the above are of equal concern in the 1990s.
22. Prison gangs first appeared in the ________.
a. 1800s
b. 1920s
c. 1950s
d. 1980s
23. The ________ is the largest white prison gang.
a. Aryan Brotherhood
b. Ku Klux Klan
c. White Aryan Resistance
d. Hammerskins
24. Prison gangs are organized primarily on the basis of the ________ of their inmatemembers.
a. offense
b. hometown
c. race
d. social role
25. Prison gangs are:
a. easily infiltrated by authorities.
b. hard to penetrate or learn about.
c. something members brag openly about.
d. a source of financial support for their members.
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 102
26. Inmates may obtain desired items and services:
a. as gifts from friends and relatives in free society.
b. from the prison canteen or commissary.
c. through smuggling by staff and visitors.
d. by stealing and making items within the prison.
e. all of the above.
27. Inmate knives are usually:
a. made within the prison.
b. intended for attacks on staff.
c. obtained from visitors.
d. constructed for use in escapes.
28. The informal inmate economy is:
a. a violation of prison rules.
b. based on barter.
c. vital to the operation of convict society.
d. all of the above.
29. In the inmate economy:
a. cigarettes and other items are used instead of money.
b. most transactions between inmates are a rule violation.
c. violence is used to collect debts and settle disputes.
d. all of the above.
30. Staff and visitors are persuaded to smuggle contraband as a result of:
a. bribes.
b. blackmail.
c. threats.
d. all of the above.
31. Official objections to the hidden economy of convict society focus on the idea that:
a. weapons, drugs, and alcohol move through the prison because of the inmate
economy.
b. it threatens the ability of authorities to control the rewards of prison life.
c. dissatisfaction with the goods purchased often leads to violence.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 103
32. The American Correctional Association believes that ________ are the main causes of
prison riots.
a. enforced idleness
b. lack of meaningful programs
c. unpredictable or severe parole policies
d. inhumane treatment and overcrowding
e. all of the above.
33. The causes of prison riots are:
a. imported.
b. situational.
c. escape attempts.
d. all of the above.
34. Interpersonal violence among inmates is due largely to ________ factors.
a. imported
b. situational
c. escape attempts
d. all of the above
35. ________ is/are the primary form of sexual release in prison.
a. Masturbation
b. Rape
c. Prostitution
d. Conjugal visits
36. ________ homosexuality means that an individual prefers partners of the same sex.
a. Symbiotic
b. Dispositional
c. Situational
d. Inadvertent
37. Homosexuals are usually segregated from other inmates in order to:
a. discourage prostitution.
b. prevent them from committing rapes.
c. protect them from rape.
d. avoid social learning of such behavior by other inmates.
Chapter Eight Convict Society page 104
38. ________ visits give prisoners the opportunity for unsupervised social and sexual
contacts with their spouses within the prison.
a. Conjugal
b. Emergency medical
c. Parental
d. Parole
39. Conjugal visits are generally accepted in most __________ jurisdictions.
a. U.S.
b. Western European.
c. Asian.
d. Middle Eastern.
40. ________ makes inmates less able to live in society than they were prior to being
imprisoned and retards efforts toward rehabilitation.
a. Deterrence
b. Reintegration
c. Prisonization
d. All of the above
CHAPTER 9
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Women make up about ________ of those arrested.
a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 75%
2. Women make up about ________ of prison inmates.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 40%
d. 65%
3. Women are more often imprisoned for ________ than men.
a. property crimes
b. drug offenses
c. prostitution
d. all of the above
4. Changes in sex roles have had ________ effect on the types of crimes committed by
women.
a. a major
b. little or no
c. a controversial
d. a minor
5. Female violations of ________ are treated more harshly than those of men.
a. their traditional sex role.
b. traffic laws
c. the civil type
d. all of the above
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 111
6. Women are described as the “forgotten offenders” because they:
a. contribute very little to prison populations.
b. are not seen as particularly dangerous by sentencing judges, policy makers, or the
public.
c. are less violent than males while incarcerated.
d. file fewer lawsuits and complaints than men.
e. all of the above.
7. The legal concept of ________ demands substantial equivalence, but not complete
equality, between the treatment received by male and female inmates.
a. discrimination
b. parity
c. gender inequity
d. due process
8. While men tend to recreate the violent city streets from which they came, it is the
________ that women try to recover in their informal convict society.
a. courtship relationship
b. sexual bonding
c. traditional nuclear family
d. non-traditional vocational role
9. Convicted female offenders are ________ likely to be recidivists than men.
a. more
b. less
c. equally
d. no studies have ever addressed this question
10. Which of the following is NOT true of the “pseudo-family” type of social
organization?
a. It is found in some facilities for female offenders.
b. It is similar to a male gang.
c. It helps inmates deal with the loss of family ties.
d. It helps inexperienced inmates adapt to prison life.
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 112
11. The rising female imprisonment is due to
a. the war on drugs.
b. the increasing severity of all punishments.
c. less chivalry among police and prosecutors.
d. all of the above
12. The ________ is a relatively conventional woman with no allegiance to any criminal
subculture, who is comparable to the prosocial male.
a. cool
b. life
c. square
d. hustler
13. A Texas study showed that women were charged with rule violations ________ men.
a. more often than
b. less often than
c. just as often as
d. no such study has ever been published
14. Imprisoned women usually hold ________ views of sex roles.
a. liberated
b. polyglot
c. traditional
d. widely varying
15. Imprisoned women are more impacted by loss of ________ than men.
a. heterosexual relationships
b. autonomy
c. family contacts
d. mobility
16. Women’s vocational programs should be designed to prepare them for:
a. traditional female jobs.
b. the roles of wife and mother.
c. traditional male jobs.
d. the role of supervisor or executive.
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 113
17. Prisons could save millions in tax dollars just by providing female inmates with:
a. health care programs that address women’s needs.
b. offense-specific counseling.
c. sex role training.
d. mops and brooms.
18. The most effective treatment programs for women will stress:
a. skills relevant to parenting.
b. cooperative rather than competitive methods.
c. group rather than individual efforts.
d. all of the above.
19. Training in ________ is especially needed by female inmates.
a. housework
b. assertiveness
c. cooperation
d. building relationships
20. Pregnant inmates are most often found in:
a. jails
b. prisons
c. mortuaries
d. all of the above
21. ________ states allow female inmates to stay with their newborn infants for more
than a few hours.
a. Two
b. Eight
c. Twenty
d. All
22. Women are ________ vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases than males.
a. more
b. less
c. not
d. no more
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 114
23. Research designed to help the mainstream society understand and deal with
________ has largely ignored the needs of women.
a. HIV/AIDS
b. sex roles
c. legal parity
d. all of the above
24. One of the greatest traumas of imprisonment for many female inmates is the loss of:
a. their husband or boyfriend
b. their physical strength
c. their educational opportunities
d. their children
25. The most pressing problem(s) faced by inmate-mothers include:
a. being placed in facilities far from family members.
b. lack of child-care and parenting programs.
c. procedures that restrict the number, length, and quality of visits with children.
d. lack of coordination between correctional agencies, child protective services, and
foster care providers.
e. all of the above.
26. The rural location of most prisons affects women ________ than men.
a. more negatively
b. more positively
c. no less
d. no more
27. Programs that try to unite inmate-mothers with their children are usually paid for by:
a. the state department of correction.
b. the federal government.
c. welfare agencies.
d. volunteers and charities.
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 115
28. The privilege of being allowed to visit with one’s children for women is anticipated
with the same joy as is a ________ by male prisoners.
a. furlough
b. conjugal visitation
c. early release
d. life without parole
29. ________ exploitation of women is ancient and widespread in corrections.
a. Sexual
b. Economic
c. Legal
d. All of the above
30. Many, but not all, states make it a ________ for anyone to use their official position
as a government employee to coerce another to do as they desire.
a. tort
b. crime
c. policy violation
d. requirement
31. When no action is taken on a sexual harassment complaint, the harassment often:
a. disappears by itself.
b. gets worse.
c. continues without change.
d. any of the above.
32. The most effective way of reducing sexual harassment is to assure that women:
a. hold a significant number of powerful positions within each agency.
b. are constantly armed with firearms.
c. are trained in self-defense.
d. are aware of the laws protecting them.
33. Correctional facilities that house both men and women are called:
a. parity prisons.
b. co-correctional institutions.
c. orgy sites.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Nine Female Offenders page 116
34. The sharing of prison space for male and female inmates is done mainly for ________
reasons.
a. rehabilitative
b. legal
c. economic
d. social
35. Co-correctional facilities:
a. achieve economies of scale that most women’s prisons cannot achieve.
b. allow more equality of access to programs to male and female prisoners.
c. encourage men to behave less harshly towards one another and staff.
d. all of the above.
36. Of the co-correctional facilities now in operation, the most successful:
a. have relatively equal numbers of men and women.
b. house only non-violent prisoners with less than two years left in their sentence.
c. have strict policies for transferring inmates to single-sex institutions as a penalty
for improper behavior.
d. all of the above.
37. The fact that female inmates are more cooperative with staff and file fewer lawsuits
than men contributes to:
a. lack of public or official awareness of their problems.
b. the leniency with which they are treated.
c. the massive deinstitutionalization of women in the 1990s.
d. all of the above.
38. Which of the following is least important in understanding the actions of violent
female offenders:
a. the influence of a male associate.
b. marijuana use.
c. a quarrel with a spouse or lover.
d. domestic abuse.
CHAPTER 10
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. The idea that inmates always have a Constitutional right to access the courts was first
recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in the:
a. 1800s
b. 1940s
c. 1960s
d. 1980s
2. The most common basis for inmate lawsuits is:
a. the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
b. Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871.
c. Section 3891 of the Civil Rights act of 1964.
d. the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
3. Which of the following has the LEAST relevance to the legal rights of prison inmates?
a. First Amendment.
b. Fourth Amendment.
c. Eighth Amendment.
d. Tenth Amendment.
e. Fourteenth Amendment
4. Inmates were given access to the courts in:
a. ex parte Hull.
b. Ruiz v. Estelle.
c. Cooper v. Pate.
d. none of the above.
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 124
5. The 1971 case of ________ was the first time a court actually took control over the
correctional conditions and practices of an entire state.
a. Ruiz v. Estelle
b. ex parte Hull
c. Holt v. Sarver
d. Lewis v. Casey
6. Ruiz v. Estelle is an important case because:
a. it made the use of inmate-guards illegal.
b. it declared severe overcrowding to be a violation of the Eighth Amendment.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
7. Research shows that the operating expenses of most prisons were ________ by the
Ruiz decision.
a. drastically increased
b. slightly decreased
c. not significantly affected
d. greatly decreased
8. The tendency of the courts to refuse to hear legal challenges about prison conditions
or administrative practices prior to the 1960s is known as the:
a. hands-off doctrine.
b. Hull decision.
c. habeas corpus doctrine.
d. Eleventh Amendment.
9. First Amendment rights can be restricted by authorities if their exercise:
a. Threatens security or discipline
b. Interferes with legal powers of discretion
c. Contradicts a reasonable rule
d. Poses an excessive financial burden
e. does any of the above
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 125
10. A ________ is an official attempt to prevent the exercise of a freedom before it has
been acted upon that is usually discouraged by the courts.
a. prior restraint
b. habeas suit
c. unilateral decree
d. a priori law
11. A habeas corpus action is:
a. a petition for the court to restore freedoms of speech or religion.
b. a request for the Supreme Court to hear an appeal.
c. a protest against cruel and unusual punishment.
d. a challenge to the state’s right to detain a person.
12. Which of the following criteria do the courts use to determine whether a religious
group should have the right to practice its beliefs in a prison?
a. the group’s age.
b. the group’s similarity to other religions.
c. the apparent sincerity of the believers.
d. the financial costs that would result.
e. all of the above.
13. In ________, the Supreme Court ruled that inmates with unconventional religious
beliefs could not be subjected to discrimination and had all the rights possessed by
prisoners of more popular faiths.
a. Cruz v. Beto
b. Cooper v. Pate
c. Holt v. Sarver
d. all of the above
14. A practice, omission, or act may not be protected by the First Amendment even if it is
part of a legitimate religious belief system if it:
a. threatens the security or discipline of the facility.
b. interferes with the legal powers of institutional authorities.
c. contradicts a reasonable facility rule.
d. poses an excessive financial burden on the facility or jurisdiction.
e. any of the above.
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 126
15. Which of the following is protected by the First Amendment?
a. threats, obscenity, and criminal conspiracies.
b. statements that are likely to cause unnecessary panic, destruction, or danger.
c. noisy speech at inappropriate times without good reason.
d. verbal attacks on the government or its officials.
e. false statements that cause harm to others.
16. ________ statements are almost always protected by the First Amendment.
a. Artistic
b. Political
c. Incendiary
d. All of the above
17. The most important result of the ________ ruling was the creation of a
“reasonableness test” that guides officials and courts in deciding whether “legitimate
penological interests” allow interference with Constitutional rights.
a. Mapp v. Ohio
b. Turner v. Safley
c. Procunier v. Martinez
d. Harper v. Wallingford
18. A prison rule is reasonable if:
a. it had a valid connection with the government interests by which it was justified.
b. there is an alternative method by which inmates can exercise the right in
question.
c. exercise of the right has significant effects on prison resources, staff, or inmates.
d. there are no alternative methods to obtain the result desired by those who created
it.
e. any of the above are present.
19. Only ________ mail is exempt from official censorship and close inspection.
a. private
b. incoming
c. legal
d. media
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 127
20. The reasonableness of a search is determined by the balance between security needs
and privacy rights. This balance is judged on the basis of:
a. the scope of the search.
b. the place in which the search occurs.
c. the manner in which the search is conducted.
d. the reason for the search.
e. all of the above.
21. In suits over correctional searches, the courts:
a. balance the need for the search against the loss of privacy that results from it.
b. require the searcher to obtain a warrant.
c. protect the rights of the powerless inmate.
d. observe the nolo contendere doctrine.
22. ________ consists of specific grounds that can be clearly articulated and lead an
officer to believe criminal activity may be occurring.
a. Probable cause
b. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
c. Reasonable suspicion
d. Preponderance of evidence
e. Clear and convincing evidence
23. Prisoners are routinely searched when they:
a. enter a facility for the first time.
b. return from a furlough or outside work detail.
c. have had a contact visit with an outsider.
d. do any of the above.
24. Searches of probationers and parolees require:
a. a warrant issued by a magistrate.
b. a state law or agency policy permitting the practice.
c. probable cause and witnesses other than the PO.
d. reasonable suspicion.
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 128
25. Under the Eighth Amendment, illegal conditions and practices are those that:
a. shock the conscience of the court and/or violate civilized standards of decency.
b. inflict unnecessary pain in a wanton manner.
c. are grossly disproportionate to the offender’s crime.
d. indicate deliberate apathy to the basic human needs of the inmate.
e. do any of the above.
26. Prisoners have the right to be protected from weather, staff abuses, other inmates,
suicide, disease, and accidental injury under the ________ amendment.
a. 4th
b. 5th
c. 6th
d. 8th
e. 14th
27. Constitutional rights are violated only when ________ on the part of staff leads to an
injury.
a. negligence, callousness, or recklessness
b. poor supervision or training
c. improper behavior
d. sloppiness or carelessness
28. Inmate legal actions in federal courts may contest:
a. conditions of confinement.
b. the way in which a verdict was reached.
c. the manner in which a sentence was imposed.
d. any of the above.
29. ________ is required before a suit charging that medical care or other conditions
violate the Eighth Amendment will be viewed as legitimate.
a. “Inadequate attention”
b. “Deliberate indifference”
c. A “violation of common sense”
d. “Criminal neglect”
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 129
30. ________ must occur to apply the Eighth Amendment to the use of force by prison
officials.
a. “Unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain”
b. “Serious bodily injury”
c. “Deliberate and life-threatening injury”
d. “Psychological or physical pain and suffering”
31. The two critical clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment refer to:
a. due process of law and equal treatment under law.
b. political speech and reasonable privacy.
c. freedom of religion and protected statuses.
d. all of the above.
32. A “liberty interest” is a right given to inmates by:
a. a state law or policy.
b. the U.S. Constitution.
c. the Declaration of Independence.
d. the Federalist Papers.
33. Guidelines for disciplinary hearings were established by the Supreme Court in:
a. Wolff v. McDonnell.
b. Hudson v. Macmillian.
c. Wilson v. Seiter.
d. Estelle v. Gamble.
34. Prisoners have no right to ________ unless officially charged with a new crime.
a. a trial by jury
b. a court-appointed attorney
c. the right to confront and cross-examine informants
d. any of the above
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 130
35. Psychiatric medication can be forced on an inmate if and only if:
a. the inmate is dangerous to self or others.
b. taking the medication is in the best interests of the inmate.
c. the decision to force medication on the inmate is made in a hearing with the same
due process protections as in serious disciplinary proceedings.
d. the decision is periodically reviewed by experts.
e. all of the above.
36. Modern court hearings can use _____ to cut costs.
a. video and telephone links
b. hearsay evidence
c. Proxy witnesses
d. any of the above
37. Steps to control frivolous suits can be taken only by:
a. the prison warden or superintendent.
b. the legislature or the courts.
c. the attorney general, president, or governor.
d. any of the above.
38. The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996 (PLRA) attempts to reduce the number of
lawsuits filed in federal courts by prison inmates by:
a. forcing all inmates filing federal suits to pay a filing fee.
b. limiting how much can be awarded in attorney fees if the inmate wins.
c. prohibiting suits for psychological damages unless there is also physical injury.
d. allowing good time credits to be withdrawn for using the courts to harass officials.
e. all of the above.
39. Only a ____ may forbid a specific inmate from filing further suits.
a. warden
b. judge
c. governor
d. legislature
Chapter 10 The Legal Rights of Offenders page 131
40. The PLRA of 1996 encourages:
a. non-judicial methods of resolving inmate grievances.
b. class- action lawsuits that combine many related cases.
c. well-paid legal assistance for inmates.
d. all of the above
CHAPTER 11
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Programs designed to help inmates acquire skills that most people learn through
early socialization are referred to as:
a. relapse prevention efforts.
b. habilitative programs.
c. offense-specific treatment.
d. psychoanalytic therapies.
2. Correctional programs may be found in:
a. prisons.
b. communities.
c. jails.
d. all of the above.
3. Habilitative programs include ________ programs.
a. academic
b. vocational training
c. life skills
d. recreational
e. all of the above
4. The largest group of “treatment” providers in most prison systems is composed of:
a. social workers
b. case managers
c. teachers
d. psychologists
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 138
5. A General Equivalency Diploma (GED) shows that a person has achieved:
a. the skills required for a high school diploma.
b. the requirements of a college degree.
c. basic literacy.
d. vocational competence.
6. The overall readiness of an inmate to change and accept treatment is the focus of:
a. Differential treatment strategies.
b. the psychoanalytic approach.
c. basic treatment amenability.
d. all of the above
7. Which of the following best describes the attitude of most inmates toward treatment?
a. They enjoy the programs and wish there were more of them.
b. They avoid them because they require hard work and can be painful.
c. They enjoy them because they allow them to socialize with women.
d. They distrust them because staff support for them is so strong.
8. Academic programs:
a. provide the basis for the kind of self-esteem that inhibits crime.
b. encourages self-discipline and a sense of investment in society.
c. are correlated with lowered recidivism rates.
d. all of the above.
9. Which of the following is most appropriate and necessary for most inmates?
a. college classes.
b. hygiene training.
c. vocational training.
d. team sports.
10. Prisons often define ________ as vocational training even though it accomplishes little
of value for the inmate.
a. unskilled, dull, and demeaning work assignments
b. literacy classes
c. recreation
d. religious services
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 139
11. Private companies are reluctant to use inmates because of:
a. insurance problems.
b. the need to train and motivate them.
c. the violence, theft, and bureaucracy that are so much a part of prison life.
d. all of the above.
12. Vocational training should focus on:
a. good work habits.
b. specific job skills.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
13. Which of the following is true of training and work programs in prisons?
a. Administrators and voters see industries as a way to make money for the
institution and reduce taxes.
b. Work supervisors want to stress training and productivity.
c. Inmates want to earn money.
d. Staff want to keep inmates busy.
e. All of the above.
14. ________ is the oldest form of correctional treatment.
a. Literacy education
b. Vocational training
c. Religious programming
d. Recreation
15. To have a “corrective” or therapeutic effect, discipline should do each of the following
EXCEPT:
a. constantly emphasize the individual’s responsibility for all of their actions.
b. have a minimum of rules that offenders understand to be in their best interests.
c. use “natural consequences” or constructive tasks as penalties.
d. use the most severe punishments allowed by law.
e. recognize and reward all client achievements.
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 140
16. ________ focuses on differences in each person’s unique issues and reasons for
criminal behavior.
a. Differential intervention strategies
b. Basic treatment amenability
c. Cognitive therapy
d. Habilitative programming
17. ________ claim that offenders must be classified according to the underlying causes
of their criminality before experts can decide which programs can best address their
behavior problems.
a. Differential intervention strategies
b. Basic treatment amenability
c. Cognitive therapy
d. Habilitative programming
18. ________ therapies focus on the conscious thoughts and emotions of the offender in
order to help her/him bring emotions under rational control, examine all methods of
solving each problem that confronts them, and confront all varieties of thinking
errors.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Behaviorist
c. Cognitive
d. Humanist
19. ________ have been shown to have better effects on recidivism than other types of
treatment.
a. Cognitive therapies
b. Self-esteem courses
c. Recreational therapy
d. Religious conversion
20. ________ therapies are most common for financial reasons.
a. Individualized
b. Group
c. Recreational
d. Religious
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 141
21. 12-step groups like alcoholics anonymous are led by:
a. professional therapists.
b. prison staff.
c. participants.
d. all of the above.
22. For a counseling group to be effective, each member must:
a. feel worthwhile and accepted no matter what he or she says.
b. keep focused on the specific goal of the session.
c. take an active role in the group’s work.
d. acknowledge every other person in the group as a worthwhile equal.
e. do all of the above.
23. The most common types of groups in modern corrections are based on:
a. cognitive principles.
b. rational-emotive therapy.
c. the twelve steps of Alcoholics Anonymous.
d. Freudian ideals.
24. Twelve-step groups:
a. do not require the presence of a therapist.
b. have been used with behaviors ranging from eating disorders to sex offenses.
c. use stigma to promote self-esteem by focusing attention on the ability to control a
problem behavior.
d. are most effective with middle class, middle aged, white males.
e. all of the above.
25. Which of the following plays the largest role in twelve-step groups?
a. spirituality.
b. cognitive principles.
c. professional counselors.
d. education about the problem behavior.
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 142
26. The most common forms of specialized treatment are for
a. substance abusers.
b. sex offenders.
c. anger control.
d. stress management.
27. Prison administrators say that the most pressing need is for ________ treatment
programs.
a. substance abusers
b. sex offenders
c. anger control
d. stress management
28. Approximately ________ of the offenders who need drug treatment are thought to be
receiving it at present.
a. 5%
b. 20%
c. 40%
d. 80%
29. Counselors who deal with ________ must dictate which thoughts, feelings, and
actions are proper and resist believing much of what clients tell them unless it is
proven by some impartial method.
a. violent offenders
b. drug addicts
c. sex offenders
d. property criminals
30. Compulsive offenders must be trained to recognize ________ if they are to break
through their denial and avoid relapse.
a. anger and depression
b. all types of drugs
c. seemingly unimportant decisions
d. the need for punishment
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 143
31. ________ are choices that place a person in situations that create opportunities for a
relapse even though the action seems like reasonable and proper behavior.
a. Cognitive errors
b. Compulsive behaviors
c. Seemingly unimportant decisions
d. All of the above
32. People with compulsive behavior problems often use fantasies to:
a. create euphoria.
b. deal with stress.
c. deny reality.
d. all of the above.
33. Effective treatment:
a. gives offenders power over their own lives.
b. links offenders’ self-respect to productive activities.
c. allows assertive behavior toward staff.
d. does all of the above.
34. Prisons are designed to:
a. destroy inmates’ self-respect.
b. assure that inmates remain dependent on staff.
c. hold offenders with as little trouble or expense as possible.
d. do all of the above.
35. Despite its demonstrated effectiveness in reducing recidivism, “active” treatment is
unpopular with officials because it:
a. makes employee work routines more complicated.
b. could attract public criticism for “leniency.”
c. questions the absolute moral superiority of staff over inmates.
d. does all of the above.
Chapter Eleven Correctional Programs page 144
36. The demands of ________ contradict those of effective treatment and are at the root
of many correctional failures.
a. punishment
b. cost-cutting
c. control
d. all of the above
37. The major themes of an effective treatment program should include:
a. making the client aware of the impact of the choices he/she makes in daily life.
b. a refusal to allow the offender to consider him/herself a victim.
c. recognizing and rewarding success in client behavior.
d. maintaining the clinical focus on the central issue of offending behavior.
e. all of the above.
38. Most correctional treatment occurs while offenders are:
a. on probation or parole.
b. not yet ready to change.
c. in prison.
d. awaiting trial.
39. The most effective treatment programs directly address the offender’s:
a. decision-making skills.
b. self-conscious conflicts.
c. early childhood traumas.
d. recreational opportunities.
40. Which of the following is true of correctional treatment?
a. Vocational training is the most pressing need in modern prisons.
b. Cognitive-behavioral techniques are at the core of most current programs.
c. Educational programs have been shown to reduce recidivism but are becoming
rare.
d. Most treatment occurs while offenders are on probation or parole.
e. All of the above.
CHAPTER 12
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is of LEAST concern to prison authorities?
a. Assuring custody of inmates
b. Rehabilitating inmates
c. Keeping inmates under control
d. Controlling costs
2. Crowding can increase prison costs by:
a. making more work for staff.
b. threatening security.
c. increasing wear on the physical facility.
d. all of the above.
3. Prison rules govern most aspects of:
a. Inmate behavior
b. Routines and decisions
c. Movement within facility
d. Material possessions
e. All of the above
4. Correctional officers are best described as the ________ of the prison.
a. police force
b. treatment staff
c. administrative elite
d. all of the above
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 152
5. Prison rules:
a. restate laws.
b. reinforce mainstream norms.
c. grow in number as unusual events occur.
d. all of the above.
6. The problems faced by prison administrators are most similar to those of:
a. a city.
b. a police department.
c. a college.
d. all of the above.
7. Escapes are ________ in modern prisons.
a. extremely common
b. quite rare
c. of little concern
d. all of the above
8. The most common method of keeping track of inmates is the:
a. lockdown.
b. count.
c. shakedown.
d. electronic monitor.
9. In a prison, ________ is any item that inmates are not explicitly allowed to possess.
a. pruno
b. contraband
c. barter
d. hooch
10. Inmates use ________ as weapons.
a. crude knives called “shivs”
b. boiling water
c. lighter fluid
d. all of the above
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 153
11. Official records show that known rule violators are often each of the following
EXCEPT:
a. older, more experienced prisoners.
b. African-American.
c. inmates with many prior convictions.
d. male.
12. _________ are usually among the best-behaved prisoners and are at very low risk of
recidivism.
a. Drug offenders and thieves
b. Murderers and sex offenders
c. Violent offenders
d. Muggers
13. Guards may be corrupted by:
a. extortion.
b. blackmail.
c. bribery.
d. all of the above.
14. Correctional officers who are fearful of inmates tend to be:
a. lenient in enforcing rules.
b. punitive towards inmates.
c. easily corrupted.
d. all of the above.
15. Guard attitudes towards inmates are predicted by:
a. the facility’s security level.
b. the traits of the inmate they deal with.
c. the particular job assignment they hold.
d. all of the above.
16. Which of the following job assignments would NOT place a CO in direct contact with
inmates?
a. cell block
b. wall post
c. yard
d. shop or school
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 154
17. The ________ is/are described as one of the least structured and most dangerous
areas of the prison.
a. cell block
b. yard
c. shop or industrial area
d. agricultural fields
18. COs are usually assigned to specific jobs on the basis of:
a. civil service exams.
b. seniority.
c. administrative convenience.
d. the spoils system.
19. Most definitions of a profession emphasize:
a. special training or credentials.
b. a distinct mission.
c. adherence to a code of ethics.
d. self-regulation of members’ conduct.
e. all of the above
20. ________ is a state of emotional exhaustion in which the person feels they have
accomplished little at their job that is common among people in the “helping
professions.”
a. Burnout
b. Stress
c. Overload
d. All of the above
21. Correctional careers are unattractive to many people because of:
a. the remote locations of most prisons.
b. low wages.
c. lack of public respect.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 155
22. Approximately ________ % of prison guards are women.
a. 5–8
b. 25–30
c. 45–50
d. 75–80
23. Covert discrimination against female guards most often takes the form of :
a. sexually-oriented jokes and comments.
b. practical jokes and pranks.
c. poor job evaluations by superiors.
d. all of the above.
24. Women are often visible as prison guards and ________ but are rarely found in
supervisory positions.
a. administrators
b. spokespersons
c. kitchen attendants
d. legislators
25. Because they do not socialize together, ________ staff often develop false beliefs
about each other that in turn continue their cliquishness and belief in stereotypes.
a. male and female
b. traditional and modern
c. white and black
d. all of the above
26. Prison staff are managed according to a combination of principles drawn mainly
from:
a. the military and bureaucracy.
b. democracy.
c. utilitarian totalitarianism.
d. science and education.
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 156
27. ________ describes the flow of commands from administrators to managers,
supervisors, and employees, and the flow of information from staff to administrators.
a. Span of control
b. Chain of command
c. Unity of command
d. None of the above
28. The specific number of people who report directly to a supervisor or administrator is
known as:
a. span of control.
b. chain of command.
c. unity of command.
d. none of the above.
29. ________ creates a situation in which each employee has one, and only one,
supervisor.
a. Span of control
b. Chain of command
c. Unity of command
d. None of the above
30. Which of the following is not typical of a bureaucracy?
a. hierarchical organization of authority
b. specialized division of labor
c. use of rules to guide all decision-making
d. consistent focus on the needs of those being served
e. seeing one’s job as a career
31. Advantages of bureaucratic organization include:
a. standard methods of handling cases that minimize discretionary judgements.
b. easy and quick replacement of employees.
c. efficient handling of a large number of cases by a small number of staff.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 157
32. The formal organization of the prison uses ________ power as the primary method
for controlling inmates and ________ power as the primary method of controlling
employees.
a. remunerative/normative
b. coercive/remunerative
c. normative/coercive
d. coercive/normative
33. Which of the following areas would include medical and dental services?
a. custody
b. programs
c. management
d. industry/agriculture
34. ________ power is the most effective in creating loyalty and encouraging cooperation.
a. Remunerative
b. Coercive
c. Democratic
d. Normative
35. Most correctional agencies use ________ style of management that stresses the rank
and power of each employee.
a. a participative
b. a professional
c. a seniority
d. an authoritative
36. ________ management encourages employees to invest in all of the agency’s
operations and decisions by encouraging them to suggest ways to improve their own
performance and that of the agency.
a. Participative
b. Militaristic
c. Remunerative
d. Punitive
Chapter Twelve Managing the Prison page 158
37. Approximately ________ % of U.S. inmates are held in privately operated facilities.
a. 6
b. 20
c. 45
d. 70
38. The term “prison-industrial complex” refers to concern with:
a. a small number of companies that could have great influence on government
officials.
b. security when inmates leave the prison for jobs.
c. partnerships between private industries and individual prisons.
d. all of the above.
39. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be operated by a private company?
a. a minimum security facility
b. a maximum security facility
c. a juvenile facility
d. a county jail
40. Possible advantages of private prisons include:
a. reduced construction and operating costs.
b. less government liability in lawsuits.
c. better designed and more modern facilities.
d. more focus on employee performance rather than seniority.
e. all of the above.
CHAPTER 13
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. The most liberal use of the death penalty in early America focused primarily on the
need to control:
a. slaves.
b. revolutionaries.
c. rapists.
d. outlaws.
2. ________ was the first state to abolish the death penalty.
a. Texas
b. Michigan
c. Maine
d. Alabama
3. Executions became private affairs as a result of:
a. court rulings that allowed “death with dignity” to the condemned.
b. fear of the spectators’ “animal instincts.”
c. fear of lawsuits.
d. public opinion.
4. All but a few of those executed in the United States for crimes other than murder
were:
a. traitors.
b. racial minorities.
c. women.
d. later proved innocent.
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 165
5. Historically, heavy use of the death penalty is associated with:
a. empires and the control of conquered peoples.
b. modern industrial societies.
c. scientific rationalism.
d. western democracies.
6. The 1972 case of ________ declared all U.S. death penalty laws to be unconstitutional
because they imposed capital punishment in an “arbitrary and capricious manner”
that was often racially discriminatory.
a. Furman v. Georgia
b. Woodson v. North Carolina
c. Gregg v. Georgia
d. Mapp v. Ohio
7. In Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was:
a. unconstitutional.
b. legal if imposed in a consistent and fair manner.
c. discriminatory in the way it was being used.
d. none of the above.
8. A ________ trial process has two parts: the first decides guilt or innocence; the second
part sets punishment by examining the aggravating or mitigating factors.
a. bifurcated
b. bench
c. negotiated
d. grand jury
9. Due to new laws and procedures recently adopted by the Supreme Court, executions
will become:
a. quicker and more frequent.
b. slower and less frequent.
c. more arbitrary.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 166
10. It is approximately ________ times more expensive to bring a capital case to trial as it
is to bring a non-capital case to trial.
a. two
b. three
c. four
d. no difference in trial costs
11. Opponents of capital punishment argue that its expense represents a huge ________
because money spent on the death penalty would be better used on other crime
control strategies.
a. brutality tariff
b. deficit expenditure
c. opportunity cost
d. deterrent cost
12. Which of the following groups or categories of people are protected as a class from
being executed?
a. those who commit crimes as juveniles
b. the retarded
c. the insane
d. all of the above are protected classes
13. Fifteen-year-olds can be executed only if:
a. a judge and jury agree that the death penalty is appropriate.
b. the state has a law permitting such use of capital punishment.
c. there is a complete lack of mitigating factors.
d. all of the above are present.
14. The Supreme Court ruled it illegal to execute an insane person in:
a. Ford v. Wainwright (1985).
b. Furman v. Georgia (1972).
c. McCleskey v. Zant (1991).
d. Habeas v. Corpus (1919).
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 167
15. Which of the following nations has NOT recently executed anyone for crime(s)
committed as a juvenile?
a. United States
b. Russia
c. Yemen
d. Iran
e. Saudi Arabia
16. Which of the following is the MOST common method of execution used in the United
States today?
a. lethal injection
b. electrocution
c. the gas chamber
d. hanging
e. firing squad
17. In recent history, botched executions have resulted from each of the following
EXCEPT:
a. violent reactions to the mixture of drugs used in lethal injections.
b. serious problems in finding a vein that will hold the needle for lethal injection.
c. electric chair malfunctions.
d. poor aim by firing squads.
18. The largest number of executions in the United States since Gregg have occurred in:
a. Florida.
b. Georgia.
c. New York.
d. Texas.
19. Execution is clearly more popular in the ________ states than elsewhere in the nation.
a. Northern
b. Midwestern
c. Southern
d. Western
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 168
20. Those who want to keep the death penalty are known as:
a. “retentionists.”
b. “conservatives.”
c. “abolitionists.”
d. “liberals.”
21. Isaac Erlich’s finding that executions had a deterrent effect are discounted by most
criminologists because:
a. changes in morality and the distribution of wealth explain these findings.
b. Erlich assumed that an execution in Florida might deter a killing in Alaska.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above; Erlich’s findings are widely accepted in criminology.
22. The work of both Layson and Cameron supports a view of deterrence that has been
popular among social scientists for many years. This belief maintains that the:
a. certainty of punishment is more powerful than severity.
b. severity of punishment is more powerful than certainty.
c. certainty, severity, and swiftness are equally important in determining deterrent
value.
d. capital punishment is the best available deterrent to murder ever identified.
23. The evidence suggests that making executions public again would ______ their
deterrent effects.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. have no impact on
d. no studies have examined this question
24. Retentionists believe that the death penalty is morally justified as a way of:
a. assuring some victims’ survivors a sense of justice.
b. fulfilling society’s obligation to assure justice.
c. providing an important symbol of social boundaries and beliefs.
d. all of the above.
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 169
25. According to its supporters, the death penalty provides the public with:
a. information about new social priorities.
b. a sense of unity.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above.
26. Moral arguments against the death penalty emphasize that:
a. it lowers society to the level of the criminals it despises.
b. it is a step away from the values that cherish individual lives.
c. there is potential for executing innocent people.
d. all of the above.
27. Utilitarian arguments against capital punishment consist of:
a. attacks on the penalty’s deterrent effect.
b. fears that executions may actually inspire people to kill others.
c. the costs of the death penalty.
d. all of the above.
28. Executions may encourage more killings by:
a. people seeking to become famous.
b. people wishing to die at the hands of the government.
c. creating a brutalization effect.
d. any of the above.
29. The brutalization thesis maintains that capital punishment may actually encourage
criminal violence by encouraging potential killers to:
a. identify with the state or the executioner.
b. providing some citizens with a justification for killing those who offend them.
c. exposing people to violence.
d. all of the above.
30. The majority of current death row inmates are:
a. white.
b. African-American.
c. Asian.
d. Hispanic.
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 170
31. Studies show that there is ________ racial bias when defendants receive the death
penalty if the nature of the crime is taken into account.
a. only slight
b. a lot of
c. no
d. an unknown level of
32. Some people feel that the death penalty is used in a discriminatory manner in the
post-Furman era because:
a. very few whites have been executed.
b. the killers of non-whites are rarely executed.
c. both of the above.
d. neither of the above; there is general agreement that post-Furman statutes have
made the death penalty non-biased.
33. In ________ the Supreme Court ruled that the tendency to execute the killers of
whites more often than others did not violate the Gregg ruling.
a. Coker v. Jones (1977)
b. Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)
c. McCleskey v. Zant (1991)
d. Godfrey v. Georgia (1980)
34. ________ is expected to result in more and quicker executions.
a. The McCleskey v. Zant ruling
b. The Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (ADEPA)
c. The Ford v. Wainwright ruling
d. None of the above
35. ________ is the executive power to reduce a sentence and is a form of executive
clemency that also includes the power to grant pardons.
a. Commutation of sentence
b. Expiative recourse
c. Gubernatorial discharge
d. Appellate reversal
Chapter Thirteen The Death Penalty page 171
36. Arguments that claim the ________ of the death penalty is too high maintain that the
money would be more effectively spent on other forms of crime control and
prevention.
a. opportunity cost
b. clemency potential
c. monetary alternates
d. all of the above
37. Scientific studies of capital punishment show slightly higher support for:
a. the deterrent effect of executions.
b. the brutalization effect.
c. public opinion against state executions.
d. all of the above.
38. Which of the following is a fact used by abolitionists to support their belief that use of
capital punishment is still arbitrary?
a. Only 1 to 2 percent of those eligible for the death penalty actually receive it.
b. The first defendant to deal with the prosecutor is less likely than his or her
partner to get the penalty regardless of their roles in the crime.
c. There is great variation across regions, states, and jurisdictions as to how often
the penalty is sought and obtained.
d. All of the above are facts that support the view that the death penalty is imposed
arbitrarily in the United States
39. Surveys show that ________ of police chiefs in the United States believe that the
death penalty is an effective deterrent to violent crime.
a. 1%
b. 20%
c. 55%
d. 85%
40. Which of the following does NOT appear to be significant in determining a nation’s
views on capital punishment?
a. religion
b. politics
c. efficiency
d. culture
CHAPTER 14
Examination Questions
Multiple Choice
1. The collateral costs of high rates of imprisonment are most notable in:
a. families of offenders.
b. communities with crime problems.
c. disease risk
d. all of the above
2. Future increases in the prison population will be the result of:
a. increasing levels of serious crime.
b. sentencing laws passed to deal with the crime wave of the 1980s.
c. increased levels of domestic and foreign terrorism.
d. new gang control laws.
3. The tough new sentencing laws used throughout the United States are a result of:
a. increasing crime rates.
b. growing levels of juvenile violence.
c. the public’s loss of faith in alternatives to imprisonment.
d. all of the above.
4. Correctional officials avoid the media because of:
a. security concerns.
b. lack of time.
c. staff shortages.
d. media focus on unusual events.
e. all of the above
5. The media’s power lies in its ability to direct the public’s attention toward certain
topics and away from others. This power is known as:
a. agenda-setting.
b. mind control.
c. opinion manipulation.
d. propagandization.
Chapter Fourteen The Future of Corrections page 179
6. Television news coverage of crime has ________ since 1990.
a. decreased by 50%
b. increased tenfold
c. remained stable
d. been ignored
7. Media coverage of crime is focused on acts that are:
a. especially heinous.
b. very untypical.
c. simple to explain.
d. all of the above.
8. Which of the following is NOT a reason that corrections receives little positive
publicity?
a. it has very few successes
b. its successes are undramatic
c. former clients would suffer from publicity
d. agencies are often prohibited from campaigning for their own interests
9. Politicians sometimes encourage the media to focus on crime in order to:
a. strengthen support for budget increases.
b. divert attention from other problems.
c. promote their personal beliefs about social control.
d. all of the above.
10. The drug that is most closely linked to crimes of violence is:
a. alcohol.
b. cocaine.
c. heroin.
d. marijuana.
11. Which of the following is an important part of the effort to make prisons tougher?
a. charging inmates for educational programs
b. eliminating treatment and educational programs
c. eliminating or reducing prevention programs in the community
d. all of the above
Chapter Fourteen The Future of Corrections page 180
12. Making treatment less available, offering no incentives to participate in it, and
making life in prison harsher is expected to:
a. reduce the crime rate through greater deterrence.
b. increase the crime rate by worsening the amount of prisonization experienced.
c. reassure citizens that the government is primarily concerned with their safety.
d. all of the above.
13. In the last decade, the powers of the police and correctional officials have:
a. been continually reduced by the courts.
b. been expanded by the legislatures and courts.
c. come to focus on prevention and treatment.
d. remained the same.
14. As correctional populations grow and life in prison gets harsher, the problems faced
by practitioners:
a. increase in number and severity.
b. decrease in number and severity.
c. remain unaffected.
15. Victims’ lobbyists and other conservative political groups:
a. are strongly correlated in their content and timing.
b. have very different goals for the correctional system.
c. have achieved few political successes.
d. support crime prevention and treatment.
16. ________ allow victims to describe how the crime affected their mental, physical, and
financial welfare as well as their family, job, and social relationships.
a. Jury charges
b. Sentencing guidelines
c. Victim impact statements
d. All of the above
17. Which of the following technologies is likely to be a part of corrections in the future?
a. reliance on computers for information storage
b. knife resistant materials
c. military tracking and sensing devices
d. distance learning technologies
e. all of the above
Chapter Fourteen The Future of Corrections page 181
18. A “ ________ card” resembles a credit card but holds information describing the
personal traits, security classification, and medical condition of an inmate and can be
used to track offenders from jail to prison and then to parole.
a. commissary
b. smart
c. computer-linked
d. prison ID
19. Attempts to include all aspects of the justice system and community in the design of
crime control strategies is known as:
a. community justice.
b. diversity enriched systems.
c. comprehensive security arrangements.
d. all of the above
20. Restorative justice:
a. attempts to help the victim, offender and community
b. is more concerned with the future than the past.
c. is more concerned with efficiency than fairness.
d. all of the above.
21. ________ is guided by a commission of experts that constantly revises the standards
in dozens of manuals to keep up with new court decisions and technologies.
a. The new penology
b. The federal prison system
c. Modern probation
d. ACA accreditation
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